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The Fourteen Holy Helpers are a group of saints venerated together in Roman Catholicism because their intercession is believed to be particularly effective, especially against various diseases. This group of ''Nothelfer'' ("helpers in need") originated in the 14th century at first in the Rhineland, largely as a result of the epidemic (probably of bubonic plague) that became known as the Black Death. ==History of veneration== Devotion to the fourteen ''"Auxiliary Saints"'' began in Rhineland, now part of Germany, in the time of the Black Death. At the heart of the fourteen were three virgin martyrs: ''Sankt Margaretha mit dem Wurm,'' ''Sankt Barbara mit dem Turm,'' ''Sankt Catharina mit dem Radl,'' ''das sind die heiligen drei Madl.''〔(【引用サイトリンク】 publisher=Heimat- und Verkehrsverein Obernburg )〕 ''Saint Margaret with the dragon'' ''Saint Barbara with the tower'' ''Saint Catherine with the wheel'' ''those are the three holy maids.'' As the other saints began to be invoked along with these three virgin martyrs, they were represented together in works of art. Popular veneration of these saints often began in a monastery that held their relics. All of the saints except Giles were accounted martyrs. Saint Christopher and Saint Giles were invoked against the plague itself. Saint Denis was prayed to for relief from headache, Saint Blaise for ills of the throat, Saint Elmo, for abdominal maladies, Saint Barbara for fever, and Saint Vitus against epilepsy. Saint Pantaleon was the patron of physicians, Saint Cyriacus invoked against temptation on the deathbed, and Saints Christopher, Barbara, and Catherine for protection against a sudden and unprovided-for death. Saint Giles was prayed to for a good confession, and Saint Eustace as healer of family troubles. Domestic animals were also attacked by the plague, and so Saints George, Elmo, Pantaleon, and Vitus were invoked for their protection. Saint Margaret of Antioch is the patron of safe childbirth.〔 As the saints' joint ''cultus'' spread in the fifteenth century, Pope Nicholas V attached indulgences to devotion of the Fourteen Holy Helpers, though these no longer apply.〔 While each had a separate feast day, the Fourteen Holy Helpers were in some places celebrated as a group on 8 August, but this celebration never became part of the General Roman Calendar for universal veneration.〔See Roman Missal: original edition of Pope Pius V (reproduced in ''Missale Romanum – Editio Princeps'', Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 1998, ISBN 88-209-2547-8); (1634 typical edition; ) (1884 typical edition; ) (1920 typical edition; )(1962 typical edition )〕 When that calendar was revised in 1969,〔See Mysterii Paschalis.〕 the individual celebrations of St Barbara, St Catherine of Alexandria, St Christopher, and St Margaret of Antioch were dropped, but in 2004 Pope John Paul II reinstated the 25 November optional memorial of Catherine of Alexandria, whose voice was heard by Saint Joan of Arc. The individual celebrations of all fourteen are included in the General Roman Calendar as in 1954, the General Roman Calendar of Pope Pius XII and the General Roman Calendar of 1960. Comparable to the cult of the Fourteen Holy Helpers was that of the Four Holy Marshals, who were also venerated in the Rhineland as ''"Marshals of God."'' These were Quirinus of Neuss, Saint Anthony the Great, Pope Cornelius, and Saint Hubert. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Fourteen Holy Helpers」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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